U.S. cold snap: prevent, treat frostbite as dangerous winter weather grips the country

From Texas to Tennessee to New Hampshire, winter storms are moving across the United States this week bringing power outages, icy roads and historically low temperatures.

As of Monday, February 15, 2021 more than 170 million Americans were under weather advisories with threats of snow, sleet and freezing rain. On Monday, our Medical City Healthcare colleagues in the Dallas/Fort Worth area saw their coldest temperatures since December 1909, dropping to 4 degrees above zero. HCA Midwest Health facilities in Kansas City saw wind chills that reached minus 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

The National Weather Service has called the hazardous and life-threatening weather continuing into President’s Day “unprecedented and expansive”, resulting in the deaths of up to 11 people. Healthcare professionals and local and state officials are urging the public to ‘stay inside’.

As blasts of cold air and snow continue to impact HCA Healthcare communities nationwide, there are some things that you can do to help protect yourself and your loved ones.

Dr. Mary Valvano, medical director of emergency medicine at HCA Healthcare’s Portsmouth Regional Hospital in Portsmouth, New Hampshire says that many of the winter-related injuries are due to slips and falls on slick surfaces.

“When weather conditions are like this, we see slip-and-fall injuries like bruising, fractures of the wrist and hand, hip fractures and even head injuries,” said Dr. Valvano. “We’re urging people to take it slow and pay attention.”

And, with the continuing deep freeze, comes the chance for another significant winter-related injury – frostbite.

Dr. Valvano says that her emergency room sees a slow, steady trickle of frostbite throughout the winter. “It can take just minutes in below freezing temperatures for people to get frostbite,” she says.

Below, Dr. Valvano explains frostbite and shares warning signs and prevention tips:

What is frostbite?

In the simplest terms, frostbite is when an individual’s skin tissue freezes. And when the tissues freeze, it can release certain chemicals in the body that actually cause the skin to become damaged. Frostbite is the damage from that freezing process.

How long does it take for someone to get frostbite?

It varies. It depends on the temperature, the duration of the exposure and the person’s underlying health. It also depends on things like wind or whether the individual is wet or dry.

For example, normally, if there is a wind chill of 18 degrees below zero, a person can get frostbite in 30 minutes. But if the wind chill gets down to 32 degrees below zero, someone can get frostbite in 10 minutes; with a wind chill of 48 degrees below, a person can get frostbite in under five minutes.

When it’s bitter cold people really need to make sure they remain inside, if possible, and don’t stay exposed for very long.

What are some ways to prevent frostbite?

The easiest ways to prevent frostbite is to not get exposed to the cold; stay inside. If a person has to be outside and exposed, then they need to:

• dress in layers,
• avoid getting wet, and
• make sure exposed skin is covered.

“Covered” means by some type of clothing – including coats, gloves, hats, scarves and socks. There are creams and protective lotions that are advertised for people’s skin, but it has not been shown to really protect from frostbite.

How do you recognize frostbite?

It’s like a burn – there’s mild, moderate and severe.

Mild: In the early stages of mild frostbite, an individual may see a little redness and swelling. Usually, the patient will have some kind of stinging or burning that might start throbbing later on. They may also see sloughing (shedding) of the skin, which is not anything to be concerned about. There typically won’t be any blisters at this stage.

Moderate: Second-degree frostbite would involve deeper tissues or a more widespread injury to the skin. Usually, the individual will see fairly significant swelling, redness and clear blisters that will form within 6-24 hours, on average. The person may also experience some numbness, at first, with aching; but later on, it will become more of a throbbing sensation. In the 1-2 days following, they will start to see more sloughing of the skin and a blackish hue to the skin as well.

Severe: This is the third degree. Here, there’s significant freezing and damage that goes through all of the layers of the skin, even below the skin – the sub-dermal area. In this stage, the person will form hemorrhagic blisters, and if drained, would show a bloody, not clear, fluid. The skin will typically turn a bluish/gray color with this degree of frostbite. Also, people will describe their skin as “feeling weird”, akin to a block of wood. Individuals will sense a fair amount of burning, throbbing and shooting pains. The chance of complete recovery is not all that high in this stage of frostbite.

A relatively healthy person will recover, in time, from the lesser stages of frostbite.

There’s a fourth stage of really, severe frostbite where it not only involves the skin but goes down into the muscle, bones and tendons. That’s when the skin will turn very black and thickened. There will be some deep aching in the joints and, for that, the prognosis is very poor. Most people usually have some sort of removal of that tissue, including amputation.

Who is most at risk?

People who have generally poor health are much more prone to frostbite because those individuals don’t have the mechanism to keep their body warm that healthier people do. Those most at risk include:

• Diabetics
• Smokers (smoking impairs the circulation, which makes one more susceptible to frostbite)
• People with poor circulation
• Elderly, poor or homeless people
• Psychiatric patients
• People under the influence of drugs or alcohol (these individuals are much more likely to make a poor decision and not recognize they’re being exposed to the cold)

What areas of the body are most commonly affected?

The following three areas are usually exposed and most commonly affected.

• Feet: A person’s feet in tight boots can get cold or wet and wetness will increase the chances of frostbite considerably.
• Hands: The hands (and feet) are areas where the circulation isn’t as good as other parts of the body, so it’s harder to keep those areas warm.
• Face: The face has good circulation but the nose and ears – the most prone – are usually exposed.

What’s the best way to treat frostbite?

The best way is to get the person out of the cold as soon as possible and perform rapid re-warming – using warm water between 104 and 107 degrees (the temperature you would find in a hot tub or Jacuzzi).

It is recommended that an individual is not warmed until they are in a definitive warm environment. There is actually worse damage being done if a person is warmed and then refreezes. So, get the person to a warm place, rapidly warm them and then monitor. That’s the easiest way to treat potential frostbite.

It’s very hard to know what degree of frostbite one has in the initial stages. It takes monitoring over a day or two to know if it’s first, second or third degree because it all starts out looking the same.

What are some complications of frostbite?

Sensitivity to cold is the main complication. Even after the frostbite has healed, some people continue to have this problem. It could be permanent damage. We don’t understand why that is, but it’s a very common complication.

Infection is another potential complication. If the frostbitten part is not well taken care of, there could be an infection on top of the frostbite.

Amputation also might have to be considered if the frostbite doesn’t heal or if there’s permanent damage that is not regenerating.

What’s one thing people should know about frostbite?

If someone is planning to do an outdoor activity in below freezing temperatures, they need to not only look at the temperature but at other factors as well, including:

• wind chill,
• a wet environment; and
• general health. If the person(s) is not healthy, they should think twice about exposing themselves to the weather.

We can’t stress enough the importance of dressing in layers and being cognizant of the duration of their exposure to bad elements. As long as individuals are vigilant about those things, they can minimize the risk of frostbite. It’s when people drink alcohol and impair their judgment that they can get into trouble.

Vigilance is really the key to everyone’s safety.